ICNC Glossary of Key Terms - French
The first step in creating high-quality translations in the field of civil resistance is translating key terms.
Initially, we developed a list of 91 key terms that had specific meaning in the field of civil resistance and worked with translators to translate these terms. We have subsequently expanded this list to 159 terms, and ICNC President Hardy Merriman and ICNC Senior Advisor Nicola Barrach have produced a glossary (to be published in 2019) that defines each of these terms and provides commentary on each and examples of usage.
You can see standardized translations of key terms in French below.
| English | French | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Accommodation (as a result of civil resistance) | ||
| 2 | Accommodate (as a result of civil resistance) | concéder | |
| 3 | Accountability | reddition des comptes/obligation de rendre des comptes | |
| 4 | Activist | activiste | |
| 5 | Adversary | adversaire | |
| 6 | Agency (human agency) | capacité d’action (des individus) /facteur humain comme acteur de changement | add: capacité d’agir |
| 7 | Agent provocateur | agent provocateur | |
| 8 | Ally (verb) | s’allier à | |
| 9 | Ally (noun) | allié | |
| 10 | Alternative institutions | Institutions alternatives | |
| 11 | Authoritarian rule | régime autoritaire | |
| 12 | Authority | autorité | |
| 13 | Backlash | contrecoup | |
| 14 | Backfire (verb) | se retouner contre | |
| 15 | Backfire (noun) | effet boomerang | |
| 16 | Banners | banderolles | |
| 17 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | blocus | |
| 18 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | bloquer | |
| 19 | Boycott (noun) | boycott | |
| 20 | Boycott(verb) | boycotter | |
| 21 | Campaign (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | campagne (en lien avec la résistance civile) | |
| 22 | Campaign (verb) | faire campagne | |
| 23 | Capacity | capacité | |
| 24 | Civil disobedience | désobeissance civile | |
| 25 | Civil resistance | résistance civile | |
| 26 | Civil society | société civile | |
| 27 | Civilian-based defense | défense civile | |
| 28 | Coalition | coalition | |
| 29 | Commission, tactic(s) or act(s) of | actes ou tactiques de commission | |
| 30 | Concentration, tactic(s) of | tactiques de concentration | |
| 31 | Conditions | conditions | |
| 32 | Consent (political) (noun) | consentement (politique) | |
| 33 | Consent (political) (verb) | consentir à | |
| 34 | Conflict (noun) | conflit | |
| 35 | Constructive programme (or “constructive program”) | programme constructif | |
| 36 | Conversion | conversion | |
| 37 | Coup d’etat (or “coup”) | Coup d’etat | |
| 38 | Crackdown (noun) | répression | |
| 39 | Crackdown (verb) | réprimer | |
| 40 | Defect (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | Faire défection | La défection d’un allié v. l’abandon d’un poste (désertion). Même si souvent utilisé comme un synonyme, je pense que Gene sharp a choisi “défection” au lieu de “désertion” pour donner un sens plus large au concept – et y inclure la dimension idéologique/politique. |
| 41 | Defection | défection | |
| 42 | Demonstration | manifestation | |
| 43 | Dictatorship | dictature | |
| 44 | Dilemma action | action créatrice de dilemme | Add: ‘action dilemme’ |
| 45 | Direct action | action directe | |
| 46 | Disintegration (associated with civil resistance) | désintégration (en lien avec la résistance civile) | |
| 47 | Dispersion, tactics of | tactiques de dispersion | |
| 48 | Disrupt | déstabiliser | Add: perturber |
| 49 | Dissent (noun) | dissension | |
| 50 | Dissident | dissident | |
| 51 | Disruption | déstabilisation | |
| 52 | Dynamics (of civil resistance) | dynamique de la résistance civile | |
| 53 | Empower | émanciper/augmenter le pouvoir d’action d’une personne | “Add: autonomiser Note for translators: This term has many translations depending on context!” |
| 54 | Empowerment | émancipation/montée en puissance | Add: autonomisation |
| 55 | Escalate (in conflict) (verb) | aggraver | Add: intensifier (in first place) |
| 56 | Escalation (in conflict) (noun) | aggravation | Add: intensification |
| 57 | External actor | acteur externe | |
| 58 | External support | soutien externe | |
| 59 | Failure (associated with civil resistance) | échec (en lien avec la résistance civile) | |
| 60 | Frame (communication) (verb) | encadrer | not in the sense of “to frame somebody” = incriminer quelqu’un |
| 61 | Frame (communication) (noun) | cadre | Alt: cadre narratif |
| 62 | Freedom (political) | liberté | add: (politique) |
| 63 | Freedom of Assembly | liberté de rassemblement | |
| 64 | Freedom of Association | liberté d’association | |
| 65 | Freedom of Speech (or freedom of expression) | liberté de parole | liberté d’expression |
| 66 | Goal | objectif | |
| 67 | Grassroots (adjective) | à la base | add: populaire |
| 68 | Grassroots (noun) | grassroots | “add: la base grassroots movement = mouvement populaire particiation of the grassroots = participation de la base” |
| 69 | Grand strategy | stratégie globale | |
| 70 | Grievances | revendications | |
| 71 | Human rights defender (HRD) | défenseur des droits humains | défenseur des droits, défenseur des droits de l’homme |
| 72 | Leadership | leadership | la direction |
| 73 | Legitimacy | légitimité | |
| 74 | Loyalty shift | déplacement de loyauté | changement de loyauté |
| 75 | Mass demonstration | rassemblement de masse | |
| 76 | Mechanisms of change | mécanismes de changement | |
| 77 | Methods of nonviolent action | méthodes d’action nonviolente | |
| 78 | Marches | défilés | cortèges |
| 79 | Mobilization | mobilisation | |
| 80 | Mobilizing | mobiliser | |
| 81 | Movement | mouvement | |
| 82 | Non-state actor | ||
| 83 | Nonviolent (or non-violent) | nonviolent | |
| 84 | Noncooperation | noncoopération | |
| 85 | Nonviolent action | action nonviolente | |
| 86 | Nonviolent coercion | contrainte (ou coercition) nonviolente | |
| 87 | Nonviolent conflict | conflit nonviolent | |
| 88 | Nonviolent direct action | action directe nonviolente | |
| 89 | Nonviolent discipline | discipline nonviolente | |
| 90 | Nonviolence (religious, ethical, etc.) | nonviolence (religieuse, éthique, etc.) | |
| 91 | Nonviolent intervention | intervention nonviolente | |
| 92 | Nonviolent struggle | lutte nonviolente | |
| 93 | Obedience | obéissance | |
| 94 | Obey | obéir | |
| 95 | Objective (noun) | objectif | |
| 96 | Omission, act(s) or tactic(s) of | actes ou tactiques d’omission | |
| 97 | Opponents | opposants | |
| 98 | Opposition groups | groupes d’opposition | |
| 99 | Organizer | organisateur | |
| 100 | Parallel institution | institution parallèle | |
| 101 | People of support | ceux qui soutiennent la cause | |
| 102 | Pillars of support | pilliers de soutien | |
| 103 | Plan (noun) | plan | |
| 104 | Plan (verb) | planifier | |
| 105 | Political defiance | défiance politique | |
| 106 | Political ju-jitsu | Jiu-jitsu politique | |
| 107 | Political noncooperation | noncoopération politique | |
| 108 | Political power | pouvoir politique | |
| 109 | People power | pouvoir citoyen | |
| 110 | Power | pouvoir | |
| 111 | Power holder | détenteur de pouvoir | |
| 112 | Planning | planification | |
| 113 | Pragmatic nonviolence | nonviolence par pragmatisme | au contraire de: nonviolence par conviction, par principes |
| 114 | Protest (Noun) | manifestation | opposition à |
| 115 | Protest (verb) | manisfester/protester | s’opposer à |
| 116 | Rally (noun) | rassemblement | |
| 117 | Resistance movement | mouvement de résistance | |
| 118 | Repress | réprimer | |
| 119 | Repression | répression | |
| 120 | Resilience | résilience | persévérance |
| 121 | Revolution (social, political, or economic) | révolution (sociale, politique, ou économique) | |
| 122 | Sanctions | sanctions | |
| 123 | Self-determination | auto-détermination | |
| 124 | Self-organize | s’organiser | |
| 125 | Self-organization | auto-organisation/auto-gestion | |
| 126 | Self-reliance | autonomie | |
| 127 | Skills (in civil resistance context) | compétences (dans le contexte de la résistance civile) | |
| 128 | Sources of power | sources de pouvoir | |
| 129 | Strategic nonviolent struggle | lutte stratégique nonviolente | |
| 130 | Semi-authoritarian rule | régime semi-autoritaire | |
| 131 | Self-rule | autonomie | |
| 132 | Sit-in | sit-in | |
| 133 | Student Strikes | grèves étudiantes | |
| 134 | Strategic plan | plan stratégique | |
| 135 | Strategize | construire une stratégie | aussi: formuler une stratégie |
| 136 | Strategy | stratégie | |
| 137 | Strike (noun) | grève | |
| 138 | Strike (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | faire la grève | |
| 139 | Structural conditions (see also conditions) | conditions structurelles | |
| 140 | Success | succès, réussite, victoire | |
| 141 | Tactic | tactique | |
| 142 | Tactical innovation | innovation tactique | |
| 143 | Tactics of commission | tactiques de commission | |
| 144 | Tactics of concentration (see also Concenration, tactics of) | tactiques de concentration | |
| 145 | Tactics of dispersion (see also Dispersion, tactics of) | tactiques de dispersion | |
| 146 | Tactics of omission | tactiques d’omission | |
| 147 | Tactical sequencing | séquencement des tactiques/ordre d’exécution des tactiques | |
| 148 | Third party (or “third-party”) | tierce partie | |
| 149 | Train | former | |
| 150 | Training | formation | |
| 151 | Unarmed Insurrection | insurrection non-armée | |
| 152 | Unite | unir/s’unir | |
| 153 | Unity | unité | |
| 154 | Uprising | soulèvement | |
| 155 | Violence | violence | |
| 156 | Violent Flank | aile armée | |
| 157 | Vision (of a civil resistance movement) | vision ou cause commune (selon le contexte) | |
| 158 | Walk-out (or “walkout”) (noun) | protestation par abandon de poste | |
| 159 | Walk-out (verb) | protester par abandon de poste |