ICNC Glossary of Key Terms - Chinese
The first step in creating high-quality translations in the field of civil resistance is translating key terms.
Initially, we developed a list of 91 key terms that had specific meaning in the field of civil resistance and worked with translators to translate these terms. We have subsequently expanded this list to 159 terms, and ICNC President Hardy Merriman and ICNC Senior Advisor Nicola Barrach have produced a glossary (to be published in 2019) that defines each of these terms and provides commentary on each and examples of usage.
You can see standardized translations of key terms in Chinese below.
| English | Chinese | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Accommodation (as a result of civil resistance) | ||
| 2 | Accommodate (as a result of civil resistance) | 吸纳、容纳、接纳 | |
| 3 | Accountability | 责任、问责 | |
| 4 | Activist | 活动分子、活动人士、活动家 | |
| 5 | Adversary | 对立的、对峙的、对方的 | |
| 6 | Agency (human agency) | 能动性 (人的能动性）；机构、机关 | |
| 7 | Agent provocateur | 钓鱼者 （引诱他人犯规以便施加迫害）; 奸细 | |
| 8 | Ally (verb) | 联合、结盟 | |
| 9 | Ally (noun) | 同盟、盟友 | |
| 10 | Alternative institutions | 替代性制度、机制或设置 | |
| 11 | Authoritarian rule | 威权统治 | |
| 12 | Authority | 权威 | |
| 13 | Backlash | 反击、倒退 | |
| 14 | Backfire (verb) | 起反作用 | |
| 15 | Backfire (noun) | 反作用 | |
| 16 | Banners | 旗帜 | |
| 17 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | 障碍、障碍物、路障 | |
| 18 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | 用障碍物阻挡 | |
| 19 | Boycott (noun) | 抵制 （如抵制购物或拒绝参加选举、会议等） | |
| 20 | Boycott (verb) | 抵制 （如抵制购物或拒绝参加选举、会议等） | |
| 21 | Campaign (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | 战役、运动 | |
| 22 | Campaign (verb) | 争取、竞争 （动员人们采取集体行动争取） | |
| 23 | Capacity | 能力、容量 | |
| 24 | Civil disobedience | 公民不服从、非暴力不服从 | |
| 25 | Civil resistance | 公民抵抗、非暴力抵抗 | |
| 26 | Civil society | 公民社会 | |
| 27 | Civilian-based defense | 以公民、平民为基础的防卫 | |
| 28 | Coalition | 联盟 | |
| 29 | Commission, tactic(s) or act(s) of | 冲击禁令战术、冲击禁令行动 （指鼓励违背政府法令的行动） | |
| 30 | Concentration, tactic(s) of | 聚集（抗议） 战术、集中（抗议） 战术（指将人群聚集到一起抗议） | |
| 31 | Conditions | 条件、状况 | |
| 32 | Consent (political) (noun) | 同意 | |
| 33 | Consent (political) (verb) | 同意 | |
| 34 | Conflict (noun) | 冲突 | |
| 35 | Constructive programme (or “constructive program”) | 建设大纲、建设项目 | |
| 36 | Conversion | 转变、转化 | |
| 37 | Coup d’etat (or “coup”) | 政变 | |
| 38 | Crackdown (noun) | 镇压 | |
| 39 | Crackdown (verb) | 镇压 | |
| 40 | Defect (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | 背弃、背叛 | |
| 41 | Defection | 背弃、背叛 | |
| 42 | Demonstration | 示威 | |
| 43 | Dictatorship | 专制 | |
| 44 | Dilemma action | 悖局营造行动 （或简译“陷悖行动”，指将对手陷入左右为难、只能做出荒谬反应的行动） | |
| 45 | Direct action | 直接 （进攻）行动、直接 （进攻）战术 （与“非直接战术”、“迂回战术”相对） | |
| 46 | Disintegration (associated with civil resistance) | 瓦解、解体、分解 | |
| 47 | Dispersion, tactics of | 分散 （抗争） 战术、化整为零战术 | |
| 48 | Disrupt | 扰乱、打乱 | |
| 49 | Dissent (noun) | 异议 | |
| 50 | Dissident | 异议人士 | |
| 51 | Disruption | 扰乱、打乱 | |
| 52 | Dynamics (of civil resistance) | 公民抵抗动力机制、 公民抵抗动力原理 | |
| 53 | Empower | 赋权、 加力、 赋予力量 | |
| 54 | Empowerment | 赋权、加力 | |
| 55 | Escalate (in conflict) (verb) | 升级 （冲突、对抗） | |
| 56 | Escalation (in conflict) (noun) | （冲突、对抗） 升级 | |
| 57 | External actor | 外部行动者、外部作用 | |
| 58 | External support | 外部支持、援助 | |
| 59 | Failure (associated with civil resistance) | 失败、挫折 | |
| 60 | Frame (communication) (verb) | 概述 | |
| 61 | Frame (communication) (noun) | 概述 | |
| 62 | Freedom (political) | 自由 | |
| 63 | Freedom of Assembly | 集会自由 | |
| 64 | Freedom of Association | 结社自由 | |
| 65 | Freedom of Speech (or freedom of expression) | 言论自由 （表达自由） | |
| 66 | Goal | 目标 | |
| 67 | Grassroots (adjective) | 草根 | |
| 68 | Grassroots (noun) | 草根 | |
| 69 | Grand strategy | 大战略、总战略、全局战略 | |
| 70 | Grievances | ||
| 71 | Human rights defender (HRD) | 人权捍卫者 | |
| 72 | Leadership | 领导力、领导层 | |
| 73 | Legitimacy | 合法性、正当性 | |
| 74 | Loyalty shift | 忠诚转移 | |
| 75 | Mass demonstration | 群众示威 | |
| 76 | Mechanisms of change | 变化机制、改变机制、变革机制 | |
| 77 | Methods of nonviolent action | 非暴力行动方法 | |
| 78 | Marches | 游行 | |
| 79 | Mobilization | 动员 | |
| 80 | Mobilizing | 动员 | |
| 81 | Movement | 运动 | |
| 82 | Non-state actor | ||
| 83 | Nonviolent (or non-violent) | 非暴力 | |
| 84 | Noncooperation | 不合作 | |
| 85 | Nonviolent action | 非暴力行动 | |
| 86 | Nonviolent coercion | 非暴力强迫、非暴力强制、非暴力强加 | |
| 87 | Nonviolent conflict | 非暴力冲突、对抗 | |
| 88 | Nonviolent direct action | 非暴力直接 （进攻）行动 | |
| 89 | Nonviolent discipline | 非暴力行动纪律 | |
| 90 | Nonviolence (religious, ethical, etc.) | 非暴力 | |
| 91 | Nonviolent intervention | 非暴力干预 | |
| 92 | Nonviolent struggle | 非暴力抗争、非暴力斗争 | |
| 93 | Obedience | 服从 | |
| 94 | Obey | 服从 | |
| 95 | Objective (noun) | 目标、目的 | |
| 96 | Omission, act(s) or tactic(s) of | 不作为战术、怠工战术 （指故意不做官方要求做的工作、故意不按官方要求做工作） | |
| 97 | Opponents | 对手 | |
| 98 | Opposition groups | 反对派团体、组织 | |
| 99 | Organizer | 组织者 | |
| 100 | Parallel institution | 平行机构 | |
| 101 | People of support | 基础性人员、支柱性人员 | |
| 102 | Pillars of support | 支柱 | |
| 103 | Plan (noun) | 计划、规划 | |
| 104 | Plan (verb) | 计划、规划 | |
| 105 | Political defiance | 政治抗命 | |
| 106 | Political ju-jitsu | 政治柔道 | |
| 107 | Political noncooperation | 政治不合作 | |
| 108 | Political power | 政治权力、政治力量 | |
| 109 | People power | 人民力量、人民权力 | |
| 110 | Power | 权力、力量 | |
| 111 | Power holder | 掌权者 | |
| 112 | Planning | 计划、规划 | |
| 113 | Pragmatic non violence | 实用性非暴力行动 （抗争） | |
| 114 | Protest (Noun) | 抗议、反抗 | |
| 115 | Protest (verb) | 抗议、反抗 | |
| 116 | Rally (noun) | 集会 | |
| 117 | Resistance movement | 抵抗运动 | |
| 118 | Repress | 压制、压迫、打压 | |
| 119 | Repression | 压制、压迫、打压 | |
| 120 | Resilience | 韧性、韧力 | |
| 121 | Revolution (social, political, or economic) | 革命 | |
| 122 | Sanctions | 制裁 | |
| 123 | Self-determination | 自决 | |
| 124 | Self-organize | 自组织、自我组织起来 | |
| 125 | Self-organization | 自组织 | |
| 126 | Self-reliance | 依靠自己、自立自给 | |
| 127 | Skills (in civil resistance context) | 技巧、技能、技术 | |
| 128 | Sources of power | 权力来源、力量来源 | |
| 129 | Strategic nonviolent struggle | 战略性非暴力抗争 | |
| 130 | Semi-authoritarian rule | 半威权统治 | |
| 131 | Self-rule | 自治 | |
| 132 | Sit-in | 静坐 | |
| 133 | Student Strikes | 学生罢课 | |
| 134 | Strategic plan | 战略计划、战略规划 | |
| 135 | Strategize | 战略化 | |
| 136 | Strategy | 战略 | |
| 137 | Strike (noun) | 罢工 | |
| 138 | Strike (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | 罢工 | |
| 139 | Structural conditions (see also conditions) | 结构性条件 | |
| 140 | Success | 成功 | |
| 141 | Tactic | 战术、策略 | |
| 142 | Tactical innovation | 战术更新、战术革新 | |
| 143 | Tactics of commission | 禁令冲击战术 | |
| 144 | Tactics of concentration (see also Concenration, tactics of) | 集中 （人群） 抗争战术、聚集 （人群） 抗争战术 | |
| 145 | Tactics of dispersion (see also Dispersion, tactics of) | 分散抗争战术、化整为零战术 | |
| 146 | Tactics of omission | 抗命战术、怠工战术 | |
| 147 | Tactical sequencing | 战术顺序安排 | |
| 148 | Third party (or “third-party”) | 第三方 | |
| 149 | Train | 训练、培训 | |
| 150 | Training | 训练、培训 | |
| 151 | Unarmed Insurrection | 非武装反叛 | |
| 152 | Unite | 统一、联合 | |
| 153 | Unity | 统一、一致、团结 | |
| 154 | Uprising | 起义、奋起反抗 | |
| 155 | Violence | 暴力 | |
| 156 | Violent Flank | 暴力派 | |
| 157 | Vision (of a civil resistance movement) | 愿景、远见 | |
| 158 | Walk-out (or “walkout”) (noun) | 离场抗议 （例如退出会场以示抗议) | |
| 159 | Walk-out (verb) | 离场抗议 （例如退出会场以示抗议) |