ICNC Glossary of Key Terms - Filipino/Tagalog
The first step in creating high-quality translations in the field of civil resistance is translating key terms.
Initially, we developed a list of 91 key terms that had specific meaning in the field of civil resistance and worked with translators to translate these terms. We have subsequently expanded this list to 159 terms, and ICNC President Hardy Merriman and ICNC Senior Advisor Nicola Barrach have produced a glossary (to be published in 2019) that defines each of these terms and provides commentary on each and examples of usage.
You can see standardized translations of key terms in Filipino/Tagalog below.
| English | Filipino/Tagalog | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Accommodation (as a result of civil resistance) | ||
| 2 | Accommodate (as a result of civil resistance) | ||
| 3 | Accountability | pananagutan | |
| 4 | Activist | aktibista | |
| 5 | Adversary | ||
| 6 | Agency (human agency) | (A) shorthand: kakayahan/kapangyarihan; (B) phrase/longer: kakayahang magdulot ng pagbabago/kakayahang mamili/kakayahan sa malayang pagkilos | In social science, agency is the capacity of individuals to make their own free choices, to act independently, and to influence change. |
| 7 | Agent provocateur | ||
| 8 | Ally (verb) | ||
| 9 | Ally (noun) | ||
| 10 | Alternative institutions | mga alternatibong institusyon | Unofficial institutions created by people in a nonviolent campaign. Sometimes the purpose of the institution is entirely new, sometimes it is to replace or substitute for an already existing official institution, and sometimes the purpose is to directly support the execution of nonviolent tactics. Alternative institutions may be developed to undermine institutions of official power holders, to increase the capacity and self-reliance of the nonviolent movement, and/or to provide a social, economic or political services that official institutions are not providing effectively. |
| 11 | Authoritarian rule | panunungkulang awtoritaryan | A government in which the ruler (or ruling party/small elite) governs in a way that enables them to exercise their decisions without institutional restraint, and without regard for popular will. |
| 12 | Authority | awtoridad | |
| 13 | Backlash | pagbalik napasama/bumalik napasama | An unintended and undesired negative reaction to certain actions by either side in a conflict whereby the side that took action loses sympathy or support and the other side gains sympathy or support. Often, backlash causes third parties or sections of the population that were previously not involved or neutral in the conflict to become more actively involved in supporting one side or another. |
| 14 | Backfire (verb) | sablay / pagpalpak | A situation in which a plan or action rebounds adversely on the originator and has the opposite effect to what was intended. The definition of the term “backlash” is very similar to the term “backfire”. The term “backlash” tends to be used to refer to a strong negative reaction to either the movement or the movement’s opponent. The term “backfire” almost always refers to when repression against a civil resistance movement hurts the movement’s opponent. It is rarely used to refer to when violence or statements by a movement hurt the movement. |
| 15 | Backfire (noun) | ||
| 16 | Banners | mga bandila | |
| 17 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | pagbangkulong | An action by nonviolent means to prevent people and goods from accessing a given location. Blockades may be established by objects (such as parked cars, or boats [in the case of a naval blockade], construction of structures (such as walls) or a mass of people, who may be sitting, standing, or lying down. |
| 18 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | ||
| 19 | Boycott (noun) | boykoteo | |
| 20 | Boycott (verb) | ||
| 21 | Campaign (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | mga kampanya | |
| 22 | Campaign (verb) | ||
| 23 | Capacity | kapasidad | |
| 24 | Civil disobedience | panlipunang pagsuway | An active and professed nonviolent violation of particular laws, decrees, regulations, ordinances, military or police commands and other orders. This is usually done against laws or orders which are regarded as immoral, unjust, or tyrannical and with the expectation and acceptance by the perpetrator(s) of being punished. Civil disobedience is a protest against a particular law, even though sometimes a particular law may be disobeyed as a symbol of opposition to wider policies of the government or the government’s rule itself. |
| 25 | Civil resistance | panlipunang pagtanggi | A technique through which people in a society wage collective nonviolent struggle for political, economic, or social objectives without physical violence. |
| 26 | Civil society | mga organisasyong sibil | A civil society is comprised of groups and organizations working in the interest of a society’s citizens but operating outside of the governmental and for-profit sectors. |
| 27 | Civilian-based defense | ||
| 28 | Coalition | ||
| 29 | Commission, tactic(s) or act(s) of | ||
| 30 | Concentration, tactic(s) of | ||
| 31 | Conditions | ||
| 32 | Consent (political) | pahintulot/pagsang-ayon | The permission or agreement (obtained from an individual or an entity having authority or power) to do something or to allow something to happen. |
| 33 | Consent (political) (verb) | ||
| 34 | Conflict (noun) | labanan / sagupaan / hindi pagkakasundo | |
| 35 | Constructive programme (or “constructive program”) | ||
| 36 | Conversion | ||
| 37 | Coup d’etat (or “coup”) | kudeta | |
| 38 | Crackdown (noun) | pagsugpo | Severe measures (usually by an authority) to stop or discourage people or behavior that is considered undesirable or illegal. |
| 39 | Crackdown (verb) | ||
| 40 | Defect (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | ||
| 41 | Defection | pagtiwalag | |
| 42 | Demonstration | ||
| 43 | Dictatorship | diktadurya | |
| 44 | Dilemma action | ||
| 45 | Direct action | ||
| 46 | Disintegration (associated with civil resistance) | ||
| 47 | Dispersion, tactics of | ||
| 48 | Disrupt | ||
| 49 | Dissent (noun) | ||
| 50 | Dissident | hindi sumasang-ayon | A person who has contrary opinions and takes contrary actions to those of the political order and society in which he or she lives. |
| 51 | Disruption | pagkaputol | When a process or activity is unable to continue in the normal way: the normal progress of a process or activity is interrupted |
| 52 | Dynamics (of civil resistance) | dinamika (ng panlipunang pagtanggi) | The complex general process and interplay of forces in the operation of civil resistance (or nonviolent action, nonviolent conflict, or related terms) during a conflict, where a civil resistance movement is trying to achieve its objectives despite the opponents’ counter-actions. |
| 53 | Empower | ||
| 54 | Empowerment | ||
| 55 | Escalate (in conflict) (verb) | ||
| 56 | Escalation (in conflict) (noun) | ||
| 57 | External actor | ||
| 58 | External support | panlabas na suporta | |
| 59 | Failure (associated with civil resistance) | ||
| 60 | Frame (communication) (verb) | ||
| 61 | Frame (communication) (noun) | ||
| 62 | Freedom (political) | kalayaan | A political condition in which individuals have maximum opportunities for choice in decision important to their lives and society and for personal and social development, and in which individuals and groups have a high degree of opportunity to participate in and make an impact on the operation of the society and the political system and shaping its future. |
| 63 | Freedom of Assembly | ||
| 64 | Freedom of Association | ||
| 65 | Freedom of Speech (or freedom of expression) | kalayaan sa pananalita | |
| 66 | Goal | ||
| 67 | Grassroots (adjective) | ordinaryo at lokal na mamamayan | |
| 68 | Grassroots (noun) | ||
| 69 | Grand strategy | pangmatagalang istratehiya | The broadest conception of how an objective is to be attained in a conflict by a chosen course of action. The grand strategy serves to coordinate and direct all appropriate and available resources (human, political, economic, moral, etc.) of the group to attain its objectives in a conflict. |
| 70 | Grievances | karaingan | |
| 71 | Human rights defender (HRD) | ||
| 72 | Leadership | ||
| 73 | Legitimacy | lehitimo | |
| 74 | Loyalty shift | ||
| 75 | Mass demonstration | malawakang demonstrasyon | |
| 76 | Mechanisms of change | ||
| 77 | Methods of nonviolent action | pamamaraan ng di-marahas na pagkilos | |
| 78 | March(es) | mga martsa | |
| 79 | Mobilization | ||
| 80 | Mobilizing | nakapagpapakilos | To organize and encourage a group of people to take collective action in pursuit of a particular objective. |
| 81 | Movement | kilusan | |
| 82 | Non-state actor | ||
| 83 | Nonviolent (or non-violent) | di-marahas | |
| 84 | Noncooperation | pagmamatigas | The deliberate restriction, discontinuance, or withholding of social, economic, or political cooperation (or a combination of these) with a disapproved person, activity, institution, or government. Noncooperation constitutes a large class of methods of nonviolent action |
| 85 | Nonviolent action | di-marahas na kilos | A technique through which people in a society wage collective nonviolent struggle for political, economic, or social objectives without physical violence. This technique consists of: (a) acts of commission (such as protests, symbolic actions, nonviolent blockades and occupations); (b) acts of omission (such as strikes, boycotts, civil disobedience, and other forms of noncooperation); or (c) a combination of both. |
| 86 | Nonviolent coercion | di-marahas na pagpilit | |
| 87 | Nonviolent conflict | di-marahas na salungatan | |
| 88 | Nonviolent direct action | ||
| 89 | Nonviolent discipline | di-marahas na disiplina | |
| 90 | Nonviolence (religious, ethical, etc.) | di-karahasan | |
| 91 | Nonviolent intervention | di-marahas na pakikialam | A large class of methods of nonviolent action which in a conflict situation directly interfere by nonviolent means with the opponent’s’ activities and operation of their system. These methods are distinguished from both symbolic protests and noncooperation. The disruptive intervention is most often physical (as in a sit-in) but may be psychological, social, economic, or political. |
| 92 | Nonviolent struggle | di-marahas na pakikihamok | The waging of determined conflict by strong forms of nonviolent action, especially against determined and resourceful opponents who may respond with repression. |
| 93 | Obedience | pagtalima | |
| 94 | Obey | ||
| 95 | Objective (noun) | ||
| 96 | Omission, act(s) or tactic(s) of | ||
| 97 | Opponents | katunggali | |
| 98 | Opposition groups | mga grupong katunggali | |
| 99 | Organizer | taga-organisa | |
| 100 | Parallel institution | katumbas/kahanay na institusyon | |
| 101 | People of support | ||
| 102 | Pillars of support | mga suhay / mga saligan na sumusuporta sa… | The institutions and sections of the society which supply the existing regime with the needed sources of power to maintain and expand its power capacity. |
| 103 | Plan (noun) | ||
| 104 | Plan (verb) | ||
| 105 | Political defiance | politikang pagsalansanig | |
| 106 | Political ju-jitsu | politikang ju-jitsu | |
| 107 | Political noncooperation | di-pakikisamang politikal | |
| 108 | Political power | kapangyarihang pampolitika | |
| 109 | People power | lakas ng bayan | |
| 110 | Power | ||
| 111 | Power holder | ||
| 112 | Planning | pagpaplano | |
| 113 | Pragmatic nonviolence | wais’/’praktikal’ (di-marahas na pagkilos) add Filipino definition as footnote | “To deal with or address an issue or problem in a reasonable and logical way instead of depending on ideas and theories. In civil resistance, we refer to pragmatic nonviolence to describe a movement’s choice of remaining nonviolent and using nonviolent tactics on the basis of recognizing its multiple strategic advantages and not on moral, religious or other spiritual grounds.” |
| 114 | Protest (noun) | protesta | |
| 115 | Protest (verb) | ||
| 116 | Rally (noun) | ||
| 117 | Resistance movement | kilusang lumalaban | A widespread, and usually informally interrelated, network of individuals, informal groups, institutions, and resistance groups engaged in planned or spontaneous resistance. The resistance may be directed against an established government, political system, social patterns, institutions, usurpation regime, or military occupation administration. |
| 118 | Repress | ||
| 119 | Repression | pagkakasupil | |
| 120 | Resilience | kabanatan | |
| 121 | Revolution (social, political, or economic) | ||
| 122 | Sanctions | mga kapahintulutan | |
| 123 | Self-determination | ||
| 124 | Self-organize | ||
| 125 | Self-organization | sarilinang pag-oorganisa | Process through which some order or coordination arises out of the will and activity other than the official institution or government. In civil resistance this may refer to the process that sees the birth of a movement or the procurement of goods and services. |
| 126 | Self-reliance | tiwala sa sariling kakayahan | |
| 127 | Skills (in civil resistance context) | mga kasanayan | |
| 128 | Sources of power | mga bukal ng kapangyarihan | |
| 129 | Strategic nonviolent struggle | estratehiya ng di-marahas na paghamok | |
| 130 | Semi-authoritarian rule | ||
| 131 | Self-rule | sariling panunungkulan | The process or condition in which members of a group, population, institution or nation themselves determine and administer the policies relevant to them. |
| 132 | Sit-in | (you can use “sit-in” in itself as it is a long-used term by Filipino movements; otherwise) okupasyon | The physical occupation of certain facilities by persons engaging in nonviolent intervention by sitting on available chairs, stools, and occasionally on the floor, for a limited or indefinite person. |
| 133 | Student Strikes | welga ng mga mag-aaral | |
| 134 | Strategic plan | estratehikong plano | |
| 135 | Strategize | ||
| 136 | Strategy | estratehiya | |
| 137 | Strike (noun) | welga | |
| 138 | Strike (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | ||
| 139 | Structural conditions (see also conditions) | kundisyong struktural | |
| 140 | Success | pagtatagumpay | |
| 141 | Tactic | taktika | |
| 142 | Tactical innovation | ||
| 143 | Tactics of commission | taktika ukol sa mga gagawin | |
| 144 | Tactics of concentration (see also Concenration, tactics of) | taktika ukol sa pagtutuunang-pansin | |
| 145 | Tactics of dispersion (see also Dispersion, tactics of) | taktika ukol sa pagpapalaganap | A tactic of nonviolent action in which participants are dispersed, and do not perform the action in the same place, and not necessarily at the same time. |
| 146 | Tactics of omission | taktika ukol sa iiwasan/hindi gagawin | |
| 147 | Tactical sequencing | pagsasalansan/pagsasaayos ng mga taktika / taktika ukol sa daloy ng mga pagkilos | |
| 148 | Third party (or “third-party”) | ||
| 149 | Train | ||
| 150 | Training | pagsasanay | |
| 151 | Unarmed Insurrection | di-armadong pakikibaka | A popular revolt by a population that has previously submitted to the government or system, but which now repudiates it by nonviolent struggle. |
| 152 | Unite | ||
| 153 | Unity | pagkakaisa | |
| 154 | Uprising | pag-aalsa | |
| 155 | Violence | ||
| 156 | Violent Flank | marahas na kahanay | |
| 157 | Vision (of a civil resistance movement) | pananaw | |
| 158 | Walk-out (or “walkout”) (noun) | baklasan / pagbaklas | |
| 159 | Walk-out (verb) |