ICNC Glossary of Key Terms - Kirundi
The first step in creating high-quality translations in the field of civil resistance is translating key terms.
Initially, we developed a list of 91 key terms that had specific meaning in the field of civil resistance and worked with translators to translate these terms. We have subsequently expanded this list to 159 terms, and ICNC President Hardy Merriman and ICNC Senior Advisor Nicola Barrach have produced a glossary (to be published in 2019) that defines each of these terms and provides commentary on each and examples of usage.
You can see standardized translations of key terms in Kirundi below.
| English | Kirundi | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Accomodation (as a result of civil resistance) | Ukwiyegereza umukeba (nk’ingaruka y’urugamba ruzira ingimba) | |
| 2 | Accommodate(as a result of civil resistance) | Kwiyegereza umukeba (nk’ingaruka y’urugamba ruzira ingimba) | |
| 3 | Accountability | Ukwishuzwa | |
| 4 | Activist | Uwuharanira impinduka | |
| 5 | Adversary | Umukeba | |
| 6 | Agency (human agency) | Ubushobozi bw’umuntu | |
| 7 | Agent provocateur | Umusotoranyi | |
| 8 | Ally (verb) | Kwiyunga n’abandi | |
| 9 | Ally (noun) | Umwunganizi | |
| 10 | Alternative institutions | Inzego nsubirizi | |
| 11 | Authoritarian rule | Intwaro y’umukazo | |
| 12 | Authority | Ubutegetsi | |
| 13 | Backfire (verb) | Kugaruka ku muntu | |
| 14 | Backfire (noun) | Ingaruka | |
| 15 | Backlash | Ingaruka mbi (k’uwabikoze) | |
| 16 | Backsliding, democratic | Isubirinyuma rya demokrasi | |
| 17 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | Kuzibira urujanuruza (mu rugamba ruzira ingimba) | |
| 18 | Blockade (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | Ukuzibira urujanuruza (mu rugamba ruzira ingimba) | |
| 19 | Boycott (verb) | Kwiyonkora | |
| 20 | Boycott (noun) | Ukwiyonkora | |
| 21 | Campaign (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | Guhimiriza | |
| 22 | Campaign (associated with civil resistance) (noun) | Isekeza ryo guhimiriza | |
| 23 | Capacity | Ubushobozi | |
| 24 | Civil disobedience | Kugarariza amabwirizwa | |
| 25 | Civil resistance | Urugamba ruzira ingimba | |
| 26 | Civil society | Amashirahamwe yigenga aharanira impinduka | |
| 27 | Civilian-based defense | Umuhari wirwanako w’abanyagihugu | |
| 28 | Coalition | Urunani | |
| 29 | Commission, tactic(s) or act(s) of | Ugukora ibibujijwe | |
| 30 | Concentration, tactic(s) of | Gukorera hamwe, ubuhinga bwo | |
| 31 | Conditions | Ibihe/akarere | |
| 32 | Consent (noun) | Amatati | |
| 33 | Consent (political) (noun) | Kugamburuka (muri politike) | |
| 34 | Conflict (political) (noun) | Ukugamburuka (muri politike) | |
| 35 | Constructive programme (or “constructive program”) | Imigambi bwite y’abanyagihugu | |
| 36 | Conversion | Uguhinduza ivyiyumviro umukeba | |
| 37 | Coup d’etat (or “coup”) | Guhirika ubutegetsi | |
| 38 | Crackdown (verb) | Guhasha | |
| 39 | Crackdown (noun) | Uguhasha | |
| 40 | Defect (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | Guhemuka | |
| 41 | Defection | Uguhemuka | |
| 42 | Democratic backsliding (see “Backsliding, democratic”) | Isubirinyuma rya demokarasi | |
| 43 | Demonstration | Imyiyerekano | |
| 44 | Dictatorship | Intwaro y’umukazo | |
| 45 | Dilemma action | Ugusunika umukeba mw’ikosa | |
| 46 | Direct action | Ukwigwanirira kw’abanyagihugu | |
| 47 | Disintegration (associated with civil resistance) | Ugusenyuka | |
| 47 | Dispersion, tactics of | Gukorera mu bibanza bitandukanye | |
| 49 | Disrupt | Guhungabanya | |
| 50 | Disruption (associated with civil resistance) | Uguhungabana | |
| 51 | Dissent (noun) | Ukutavugarumwe | |
| 52 | Dissident | Uwutavugarumwe | |
| 53 | Dynamics (of civil resistance) | Imvo n’imvano | |
| 54 | Empower | Gushoboza | |
| 55 | Empowerment | Ugushoboza | |
| 56 | Escalate (in conflict) (verb) | Gusatira n’inguvu | |
| 57 | Escalation (in conflict) (noun) | Ubusatirizi buhanitse | |
| 58 | External actor | Abarorerezi bo hanze | |
| 59 | External support | Imfashanyo yo hanze | |
| 60 | Failure (associated with civil resistance) | Ukudashika kwihangiro | |
| 61 | Flank, violent | Akarwi gashira imbere ingimba | |
| 62 | Frame (communication) (verb) | Guha insiguro (mu gutanga amakuru) | |
| 63 | Frame (communication) (noun) | Insigusiguro (mu guhatanga amakuru) | |
| 64 | Freedom (political) | Umwidengemvyo (muvya poritike) | |
| 65 | Freedom of Assembly | Uburenganzira bw’amakoraniro | |
| 66 | Freedom of Association | Uburengenzira bwo gushinga amashirahamwe | |
| 67 | Freedom of Speech (or freedom of expression) | uburenganzira bwo gushikiriza iciyumviro | |
| 68 | Goal | Ihangiro | |
| 69 | Grand strategy | Ihangiro | |
| 70 | Grassroots (adjective) | (Co) hasi | |
| 71 | Grassroots (noun) | Abo hasi | |
| 72 | Grievances | Umubabaro | |
| 73 | Human rights defender (HRD) | Abaharanira agateka ka zinamuntu | |
| 74 | Leadership | Ubuserukizi (mu muhari) | |
| 75 | Legitimacy | Icizere | |
| 76 | Loyalty shift | Uguhemuka | |
| 77 | March | Urugendo | |
| 78 | Mass demonstration | Imyiyerekano y’ikivunga | |
| 79 | Mechanisms of change | Intambwe y’impinduka | |
| 80 | Methods of nonviolent action | Ubwoko vy’ibikorwa bizira ingimba | |
| 81 | Mobilization | Ihimiriza | |
| 82 | Mobilize | Guhimiriza | |
| 83 | Movement | Guhimiriza | |
| 84 | Noncooperation | Guhagarika imigenderanire | |
| 85 | Nongovernmental organization (or “NGO”) | Amashirahamwe ategamiye leta | 86 | Non-state actor | Umurorerezi ategamiye leta |
| 87 | Nonviolence | Akarangamutima kazira ingimba | |
| 88 | Nonviolence, pragmatic | Ugutinya gukoresha ingimba | |
| 89 | Nonviolence, principled | Umwanzuro wo kudakoresha ingimba | |
| 90 | Nonviolence (or “non-violent”) | Izira ingimba | |
| 91 | Nonviolent action | Uguharaniragateka hadakoreshejwe ingimba | |
| 92 | Nonviolent coercion | Kugondoza udakoresheje ingimba | |
| 93 | Nonviolent conflict | Ukwigwanirira kuzira ingimba | |
| 94 | Nonviolent direct action | Ukwigwanirira hadakoreshejwe ingimba | |
| 95 | Nonviolent discipline | Umwanzuro wo kudakoresha ingimba | |
| 96 | Nonviolent intervention | Guhangana udakoresheje ingimba | |
| 97 | Nonviolent struggle | Iharanirwa ry’agatekamu bwitonzi | |
| 98 | Obedience | Ukugamburuka | |
| 99 | Obey | Kugamburuka | |
| 100 | Objective (noun) | Intumbero | |
| 101 | Omission, act(s) or tactic(s) of | Ukwirengangiza ivy’ujejwe, amayeri yo | |
| 102 | Opponents | Umukeba | |
| 103 | Opposition groups | Umurwi w’abatavugarumwe | |
| 104 | Organizer | Umutunganyabikorwa | |
| 105 | Parallel institution | Inzego nsubirizi | |
| 106 | People of support | Ubushobozi bw’abanyagihugu | |
| 107 | Pillars of support | Inkingi z’ubutegetsi | |
| 108 | Plan (noun) | Integuro | |
| 109 | Plan (verb) | Gutegura | |
| 110 | Political defiance | Ukugerageza ubutegetsi | |
| 111 | Political ju-jitsu | Ingaruka giturumbuka za politike | |
| 112 | Political noncooperation | Guhagarika imigenderanire ya politique | |
| 113 | Political power | Ububasha bwa politike | |
| 114 | Political space | Urubuga rwa poritike | |
| 115 | Power | Ububasha | |
| 116 | Powerholder | Uwufis’ububasha | |
| 117 | Pragmatic non violence (see “Nonviolence, pragmatic”) | اUgutinya gukoresha ingimba | |
| 118 | Pragmatic non violence (see “Nonviolence, principled”) | Umwanzuro wo kudakoresh’ingimba | |
| 119 | Protest (Noun) | Imyiyerekano | |
| 120 | Protest (verb) | Kwiyerekana | |
| 121 | Rally (noun) | Ikoraniro ry’abantu benshi | |
| 122 | Repress | Guhasha | |
| 123 | Repression | Uguhasha | |
| 124 | Resilience | Ugutimba | |
| 125 | Revolution (social, political, or economic) | Ukwiganzura | |
| 126 | Sanctions | Ibihano | |
| 127 | Self-determination | Kwishira no kwizana | |
| 128 | Self-organize (verb) | Kwiyungunganya | |
| 129 | Self-organization | Ukwiyungunganya | |
| 130 | Self-reliance | Ukwibako | |
| 131 | Self-rule | Ukwitwara | |
| 132 | Semi-authoritarian rule | Intwaro y’umukazo ugereranye | |
| 133 | Sit-in | Kugandagaza | |
| 134 | Skills (in civil resistance context) | Amayeri | |
| 135 | Sources of power | Inkomoko y’ubushobozi | |
| 136 | Strategic nonviolent struggle | Urugamba (rwo kwirwanirira) ruteguwe neza | |
| 137 | Strategic plan | Integuro ihanitse | |
| 138 | Strategize | Gukenyura | |
| 139 | Strategy | Umukenyuro | |
| 140 | Strike (noun) | Uguhagarika akazi | |
| 141 | Strike (associated with civil resistance) (verb) | Gukenyura | |
| 142 | Structural conditions (see also conditions) | Ibihe ingene bimeze | |
| 143 | Success (associated with civil resistance) | Ugushika kwihangiro | |
| 144 | Tactic | Ubuhinga | |
| 145 | Tactical innovation | Ubuhinga | |
| 146 | Tactical sequencing (or “sequencing of tactics”) | Urukurikirane rw’ubuhinga | |
| 147 | Tactics of concentration (see also Concenration, tactics of) | تكتيكات الحشد | |
| 148 | Tactics of dispersion (see also Dispersion, tactics of) | Ubuhinga bwo gukorera henshi | |
| 149 | Third party (or “third-party”) | Abarorerezi | |
| 150 | Train | Gukarisha ubwenge | |
| 151 | Training | Inyigisho nkarishabwenge | |
| 152 | Transitional, political | Ikiringo mfatakibanza | |
| 153 | Unarmed Insurrection | Imigumuko itarimwo ibirwanisho | |
| 154 | Unite | Kuja hamwe | |
| 155 | Unity | Ubumwe | |
| 156 | Uprising | Imigumuko | |
| 157 | Violence | Ingimba | |
| 158 | Violent Flank | Akagwi gashirimbere ingimba | |
| 159 | Vision (of a civil resistance movement) | Ihangiro nyamukuru | |
| 160 | Walk-out (or “walkout”) (noun) | Ukwivana giturumbuka | |
| 161 | Walk-out (verb) | Kwivana giturumbuka |